Therefore, there is a high and increasing demand to assess patient immune function in routine clinical practice, currently met by Immune Functional Assays. Our incapacity to practically interpret the host response may contribute to a high morbidity and mortality, such as the annual 6 million worldwide deaths in sepsis alone. This is especially due to the inter-individual variability-a key feature of the immune system-which hinders precise diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic stratification. Until the current day, assessing the immune profile of patients remains a challenge. Conflicting situations may also occur, such as in sepsis where inflammation and compensatory immunosuppression make it difficult to deploy the appropriate drug treatment. Exacerbated responses lead to autoimmune and allergic diseases, whereas, low or inefficient responses favor opportunistic infections and viral reactivations. However, an unbalanced host immune response is highlighted in many diseases. The immune response is a dynamic system that maintains the integrity of the body, and more specifically fight against infections. 5Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.4Virologie et Pathologie Humaine – VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.3EA7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Lyon, France.2Medical Diagnostic Discovery Department, bioMérieux S.A., Grenoble, France.1Joint Research Unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMerieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France.Tawfik 2,3 † Sophie Trouillet-Assant 1,4 Laurence Vachot 2 François Mallet 1,3 Julien Textoris 3,5 *
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